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Food security and diets in urban Asia: how resilient are food systems in times of COVID-19?
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Before COVID-19, highmalnutrition rates inurban areas in the Asia region
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Cities worst hit by COVID-19Insufficient evidence on how food systems have adapted
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1.Assess the level of resilience of urban food systems in the face of the COVID-19 crisis in eight selected cities in the Asiaregion
2. Build evidence on nutrition-specific/sensitive interventions and provide an opportunity to evaluate urban interventions
3. Understand the food environment in slum settings and the level of resilience of informal food actors during COVID-19
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Urban Food Systems Analysis in 8 cities
Increased vulnerability andfood insecurity
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Disruptions to food supplychains
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Increased foodprices
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Lossof income
“The effect on us was more negative since our patron customers were gone. Our income really went down, meaning our income from what we sell now is only a quarter [of our usual income]. It is now more difficult to get products from our suppliers. There were times that prices are high, other times, prices are low … Currently, what we do is posting [our products] on Facebook so that people will order only from us then we deliver to them door-to-door. At least with the delivery, we are getting 5 pesos since we are using motorbike.
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Food supplychains
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Food supply chains were disruptedby border closures and travel restrictions duringthe pandemic
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Urban areas typically have longer and morecomplex supply chains than rural areas
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Interventions and responses:
- Business adaptations
- Government measures to keep food moving
- e-commerce
- Urban agriculture
Food environments
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The combination of increased food prices and loss of income affected foodaffordability for the urban poor
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Food prices increased in all eight cities with considerablevariationsbetween cities and between food groups
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Daily wage earners have experiencedloss of income, indebtedness and foodinsecurity
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Interventions and responses:
- Social protectionprogrammes
- Emergency cash assistance
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Impact of COVID on women’s dietary diversity
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High heterogeneity
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Low frequency of data collection
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Low granularity => representative?
Providing context: external drivers
Urbanisation
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Population and land-use dynamics influences the form of the city and the nature of the underlying food system
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As cities grow, economic growth tends to attract more people, increasing the need for serviced land for settlement, reducing the space used to grow crops
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Use of global (peer-reviewed) datasets that givetime-series data to help analyse trends i.e. growthrates etc
Growth of city over time
Global Human
Settlements Layer data
(1975 – 2015)
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Cultivated land
EU Copernicus
landcover
classification data
2015
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Incomes & Inequality
As incomes rise:
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A city’s relationship with land changes
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Diets change, greater consumption of ‘luxury foods’
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Inequality may rise too, urbanization of poverty is a reality in many Asia-Pacific cities, growth of slum populations
Incomes & Inequality
“The effect on us was more negative since our patron customers were gone. Our income really went down, meaning our income from what we sell now is only a quarter [of our usual income]. It is now more difficult to get products from our suppliers. There were times that prices are high, other times, prices are low … Currently, what we do is posting [our products] on Facebook so that people will order only from us then we deliver to them door-to-door. At least with the delivery, we are getting 5 pesos since we are using motorbike.
External drivers: Implication for urban programming
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Overview of the COVID-19 CityFood System Briefs includingtypology
COVID-19 City Food System Briefs
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Aim to provide snapshots of city-level foodsystems and COVID-19 related impacts andvulnerabilities.
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Based on the conceptual model of the Food Systems Framework with focus on available dataand components that are likely to be impacted by COVID-19.
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Data from primary and secondary sources.
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Methodological Recommendations
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Standardized indicators of resilience and vulnerability to facilitate comparisons between cities
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Formalization of urban food system typologies
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Use of innovative approaches to defining urban areas
Preliminary program recommendations
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Private sector partnership – combine technical assistance and knowledge transfer
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Social protection and safety net programs –adaptative and responsive to shocks